Daniel J Klionsky 1 , Amal Kamal Abdel-Aziz 2 , Sara Abdelfatah 3 , Mahmoud Abdellatif 4 , Asghar Abdoli 5 , Steffen Abel 6 , Hagai Abeliovich 7 , Marie H Abildgaard 8 9 , Yakubu Princely Abudu 10 , Abraham Acevedo-Arozena 11 , Iannis E Adamopoulos 12 , Khosrow Adeli 13 , Timon E Adolph 14 , Annagrazia Adornetto 15 , Elma Aflaki 16 , Galila Agam 17 , Anupam Agarwal 18 , Bharat B Aggarwal 19 , Maria Agnello 20 , Patrizia Agostinis 21 , Javed N Agrewala 22 , Alexander Agrotis 23 , Patricia V Aguilar 24 , S Tariq Ahmad 25 , Zubair M Ahmed 26 , Ulises Ahumada-Castro 27 , Sonja Aits 28 , Shu Aizawa 29 , Yunus Akkoc 30 , Tonia Akoumianaki 31 32 , Hafize Aysin Akpinar 33 , Ahmed M Al-Abd 34 , Lina Al-Akra 35 , Abeer Al-Gharaibeh 36 , Moulay A Alaoui-Jamali 37 , Simon Alberti 38 , Elísabet Alcocer-Gómez 39 , Cristiano Alessandri 40 , Muhammad Ali 41 , M Abdul Alim Al-Bari 42 , Saeb Aliwaini 43 , Javad Alizadeh 44 , Eugènia Almacellas 45 46 47 , Alexandru Almasan 48 , Alicia Alonso 49 , Guillermo D Alonso 50 , Nihal Altan-Bonnet 51 , Dario C Altieri 52 , Élida M C Álvarez 53 , Sara Alves 54 , Cristine Alves da Costa 55 , Mazen M Alzaharna 56 , Marialaura Amadio 57 , Consuelo Amantini 58 , Cristina Amaral 59 , Susanna Ambrosio 60 , Amal O Amer 61 , Veena Ammanathan 62 , Zhenyi An 63 , Stig U Andersen 64 , Shaida A Andrabi 65 , Magaiver Andrade-Silva 66 67 , Allen M Andres 68 , Sabrina Angelini 69 , David Ann 70 , Uche C Anozie 71 , Mohammad Y Ansari 72 , Pedro Antas 73 , Adam Antebi 74 , Zuriñe Antón 75 , Tahira Anwar 76 , Lionel Apetoh 77 , Nadezda Apostolova 78 , Toshiyuki Araki 79 , Yasuhiro Araki 80 , Kohei Arasaki 81 , Wagner L Araújo 82 , Jun Araya 83 , Catherine Arden 84 , Maria-Angeles Arévalo 85 , Sandro Arguelles 86 , Esperanza Arias 87 , Jyothi Arikkath 88 , Hirokazu Arimoto 89 , Aileen R Ariosa 90 , Darius Armstrong-James 91 , Laetitia Arnauné-Pelloquin 92 , Angeles Aroca 93 , Daniela S Arroyo 94 , Ivica Arsov 95 , Rubén Artero 96 , Dalia Maria Lucia Asaro 97 , Michael Aschner 98 , Milad Ashrafizadeh 99 , Osnat Ashur-Fabian 100 , Atanas G Atanasov 101 , Alicia K Au 102 , Patrick Auberger 103 , Holger W Auner 104 , Laure Aurelian 105 , Riccardo Autelli 106 , Laura Avagliano 107 , Yenniffer Ávalos 108 , Sanja Aveic 109 , Célia Alexandra Aveleira 110 , Tamar Avin-Wittenberg 111 , Yucel Aydin 112 , Scott Ayton 113 , Srinivas Ayyadevara 114 , Maria Azzopardi 115 , Misuzu Baba 116 , Jonathan M Backer 117 , Steven K Backues 118 , Dong-Hun Bae 35 , Ok-Nam Bae 119 , Soo Han Bae 120 , Eric H Baehrecke 121 , Ahruem Baek 122 , Seung-Hoon Baek 123 , Sung Hee Baek 124 , Giacinto Bagetta 125 , Agnieszka Bagniewska-Zadworna 126 , Hua Bai 127 , Jie Bai 128 , Xiyuan Bai 129 , Yidong Bai 130 , Nandadulal Bairagi 131 , Shounak Baksi 132 , Teresa Balbi 133 , Cosima T Baldari 134 , Walter Balduini 135 , Andrea Ballabio 136 137 , Maria Ballester 138 , Salma Balazadeh 139 , Rena Balzan 115 , Rina Bandopadhyay 140 , Sreeparna Banerjee 141 , Sulagna Banerjee 142 143 , Ágnes Bánréti 144 , Yan Bao 145 , Mauricio S Baptista 146 , Alessandra Baracca 147 , Cristiana Barbati 40 , Ariadna Bargiela 96 , Daniela Barilà 148 , Peter G Barlow 149 , Sami J Barmada 150 , Esther Barreiro 151 , George E Barreto 152 , Jiri Bartek 153 , Bonnie Bartel 154 , Alberto Bartolome 155 , Gaurav R Barve 156 , Suresh H Basagoudanavar 157 , Diane C Bassham 127 , Robert C Bast Jr 158 , Alakananda Basu 159 , Henri Batoko 160 , Isabella Batten 161 , Etienne E Baulieu 162 , Bradley L Baumgarner 163 , Jagadeesh Bayry 164 , Rupert Beale 165 , Isabelle Beau 166 , Florian Beaumatin 167 , Luiz R G Bechara 168 , George R Beck Jr 169 , Michael F Beers 170 , Jakob Begun 171 , Christian Behrends 172 , Georg M N Behrens 173 , Roberto Bei 174 , Eloy Bejarano 175 176 , Shai Bel 177 , Christian Behl 178 , Amine Belaid 179 , Naïma Belgareh-Touzé 180 , Cristina Bellarosa 181 , Francesca Belleudi 182 , Melissa Belló Pérez 183 , Raquel Bello-Morales 184 , Jackeline Soares de Oliveira Beltran 185 , Sebastián Beltran 186 , Doris Mangiaracina Benbrook 187 , Mykolas Bendorius 188 , Bruno A Benitez 189 , Irene Benito-Cuesta 190 , Julien Bensalem 191 , Martin W Berchtold 192 , Sabina Berezowska 193 , Daniele Bergamaschi 194 , Matteo Bergami 195 , Andreas Bergmann 196 , Laura Berliocchi 197 , Clarisse Berlioz-Torrent 198 , Amélie Bernard 199 , Lionel Berthoux 200 , Cagri G Besirli 201 , Sebastien Besteiro 202 , Virginie M Betin 203 , Rudi Beyaert 204 , Jelena S Bezbradica 205 , Kiran Bhaskar 206 , Ingrid Bhatia-Kissova 207 , Resham Bhattacharya 208 , Sujoy Bhattacharya 209 , Shalmoli Bhattacharyya 210 , Md Shenuarin Bhuiyan 211 , Sujit Kumar Bhutia 212 , Lanrong Bi 213 , Xiaolin Bi 214 , Trevor J Biden 215 , Krikor Bijian 37 , Viktor A Billes 216 , Nadine Binart 166 , Claudia Bincoletto 217 , Asa B Birgisdottir 218 , Geir Bjorkoy 219 , Gonzalo Blanco 220 , Ana Blas-Garcia 221 , Janusz Blasiak 222 , Robert Blomgran 223 , Klas Blomgren 224 , Janice S Blum 225 , Emilio Boada-Romero 226 , Mirta Boban 227 , Kathleen Boesze-Battaglia 228 , Philippe Boeuf 229 , Barry Boland 230 , Pascale Bomont 231 , Paolo Bonaldo 232 , Srinivasa Reddy Bonam 233 , Laura Bonfili 58 , Juan S Bonifacino 234 , Brian A Boone 235 , Martin D Bootman 236 , Matteo Bordi 237 238 , Christoph Borner 239 , Beat C Bornhauser 240 , Gautam Borthakur 241 , Jürgen Bosch 242 , Santanu Bose 243 , Luis M Botana 244 , Juan Botas 245 , Chantal M Boulanger 246 , Michael E Boulton 247 , Mathieu Bourdenx 248 , Benjamin Bourgeois 249 , Nollaig M Bourke 161 , Guilhem Bousquet 250 , Patricia Boya 251 , Peter V Bozhkov 252 , Luiz H M Bozi 253 168 , Tolga O Bozkurt 254 , Doug E Brackney 255 , Christian H Brandts 256 , Ralf J Braun 257 , Gerhard H Braus 258 , Roberto Bravo-Sagua 259 , José M Bravo-San Pedro 260 , Patrick Brest 261 , Marie-Agnès Bringer 262 , Alfredo Briones-Herrera 263 , V Courtney Broaddus 264 , Peter Brodersen 265 , Jeffrey L Brodsky 266 , Steven L Brody 267 , Paola G Bronson 268 , Jeff M Bronstein 269 , Carolyn N Brown 270 , Rhoderick E Brown 271 , Patricia C Brum 272 , John H Brumell 273 , Nicola Brunetti-Pierri 60 137 , Daniele Bruno 274 , Robert J Bryson-Richardson 275 , Cecilia Bucci 276 , Carmen Buchrieser 277 , Marta Bueno 278 , Laura Elisa Buitrago-Molina 279 , Simone Buraschi 280 , Shilpa Buch 281 , J Ross Buchan 282 , Erin M Buckingham 283 , Hikmet Budak 284 , Mauricio Budini 285 , Geert Bultynck 286 , Florin Burada 287 , Joseph R Burgoyne 288 , M Isabel Burón 289 , Victor Bustos 290 , Sabrina Büttner 291 , Elena Butturini 292 , Aaron Byrd 282 , Isabel Cabas 293 , Sandra Cabrera-Benitez 294 , Ken Cadwell 295 , Jingjing Cai 296 , Lu Cai 297 , Qian Cai 298 , Montserrat Cairó 299 , Jose A Calbet 300 , Guy A Caldwell 301 , Kim A Caldwell 301 , Jarrod A Call 302 , Riccardo Calvani 303 , Ana C Calvo 304 , Miguel Calvo-Rubio Barrera 289 , Niels Os Camara 305 , Jacques H Camonis 306 , Nadine Camougrand 307 , Michelangelo Campanella 308 , Edward M Campbell 309 , François-Xavier Campbell-Valois 310 , Silvia Campello 311 , Ilaria Campesi 312 , Juliane C Campos 168 , Olivier Camuzard 313 , Jorge Cancino 314 , Danilo Candido de Almeida 66 , Laura Canesi 133 , Isabella Caniggia 315 , Barbara Canonico 135 , Carles Cantí 316 , Bin Cao 317 , Michele Caraglia 318 , Beatriz Caramés 319 , Evie H Carchman 320 , Elena Cardenal-Muñoz 321 , Cesar Cardenas 27 , Luis Cardenas 322 , Sandra M Cardoso 323 , Jennifer S Carew 324 , Georges F Carle 325 , Gillian Carleton 326 , Silvia Carloni 135 , Didac Carmona-Gutierrez 327 , Leticia A Carneiro 328 , Oliana Carnevali 329 , Julian M Carosi 191 , Serena Carra 330 , Alice Carrier 331 , Lucie Carrier 332 , Bernadette Carroll 75 , A Brent Carter 333 , Andreia Neves Carvalho 334 , Magali Casanova 335 , Caty Casas 336 , Josefina Casas 337 , Chiara Cassioli 134 , Eliseo F Castillo 338 , Karen Castillo 339 , Sonia Castillo-Lluva 340 , Francesca Castoldi 341 , Marco Castori 342 , Ariel F Castro 343 , Margarida Castro-Caldas 334 344 , Javier Castro-Hernandez 345 , Susana Castro-Obregon 346 , Sergio D Catz 347 , Claudia Cavadas 348 , Federica Cavaliere, Gabriella Cavallini 349 , Maria Cavinato 350 , Maria L Cayuela 351 , Paula Cebollada Rica 352 , Valentina Cecarini 58 , Francesco Cecconi 353 , Marzanna Cechowska-Pasko 354 , Simone Cenci 355 , Victòria Ceperuelo-Mallafré 356 , João J Cerqueira 357 , Janete M Cerutti 358 , Davide Cervia 359 , Vildan Bozok Cetintas 360 , Silvia Cetrullo 147 , Han-Jung Chae 361 , Andrei S Chagin 362 , Chee-Yin Chai 363 , Gopal Chakrabarti 364 , Oishee Chakrabarti 365 , Tapas Chakraborty 366 , Trinad Chakraborty 367 , Mounia Chami 55 , Georgios Chamilos 31 , David W Chan 368 , Edmond Y W Chan 369 , Edward D Chan 129 , H Y Edwin Chan 370 , Helen H Chan 371 , Hung Chan 372 , Matthew T V Chan 372 , Yau Sang Chan 368 , Partha K Chandra 373 , Chih-Peng Chang 374 , Chunmei Chang 375 , Hao-Chun Chang 376 , Kai Chang 127 , Jie Chao 377 , Tracey Chapman 378 , Nicolas Charlet-Berguerand 379 , Samrat Chatterjee 380 , Shail K Chaube 381 , Anu Chaudhary 382 , Santosh Chauhan 383 , Edward Chaum 209 , Frédéric Checler 55 , Michael E Cheetham 384 , Chang-Shi Chen 385 , Guang-Chao Chen 386 , Jian-Fu Chen 387 , Liam L Chen 388 , Leilei Chen 389 , Lin Chen 390 , Mingliang Chen 391 , Mu-Kuan Chen 392 , Ning Chen 393 , Quan Chen 394 , Ruey-Hwa Chen 386 , Shi Chen 395 , Wei Chen 396 , Weiqiang Chen 397 , Xin-Ming Chen 398 , Xiong-Wen Chen 399 , Xu Chen 400 , Yan Chen 401 , Ye-Guang Chen 402 , Yingyu Chen 403 , Yongqiang Chen 404 , Yu-Jen Chen 405 , Yue-Qin Chen 406 , Zhefan Stephen Chen 370 , Zhi Chen 407 , Zhi-Hua Chen 408 , Zhijian J Chen 409 , Zhixiang Chen 410 , Hanhua Cheng 411 , Jun Cheng 412 , Shi-Yuan Cheng 413 , Wei Cheng 414 , Xiaodong Cheng 415 , Xiu-Tang Cheng 416 , Yiyun Cheng 417 , Zhiyong Cheng 418 , Zhong Chen 419 , Heesun Cheong 420 , Jit Kong Cheong 421 422 , Boris V Chernyak 423 , Sara Cherry 424 , Chi Fai Randy Cheung 371 , Chun Hei Antonio Cheung 425 , King-Ho Cheung 426 , Eric Chevet 427 , Richard J Chi 428 , Alan Kwok Shing Chiang 429 , Ferdinando Chiaradonna 430 , Roberto Chiarelli 20 , Mario Chiariello 431 , Nathalia Chica 432 433 , Susanna Chiocca 434 , Mario Chiong 435 , Shih-Hwa Chiou 436 , Abhilash I Chiramel 437 , Valerio Chiurchiù 438 , Dong-Hyung Cho 439 , Seong-Kyu Choe 440 , Augustine M K Choi 441 , Mary E Choi 442 , Kamalika Roy Choudhury 443 , Norman S Chow 444 , Charleen T Chu 445 , Jason P Chua 150 , John Jia En Chua 446 , Hyewon Chung 447 , Kin Pan Chung 448 , Seockhoon Chung 449 , So-Hyang Chung 450 , Yuen-Li Chung 451 , Valentina Cianfanelli 238 , Iwona A Ciechomska 452 , Mariana Cifuentes 453 , Laura Cinque 60 , Sebahattin Cirak 454 , Mara Cirone 455 , Michael J Clague 456 457 , Robert Clarke 271 , Emilio Clementi 458 , Eliana M Coccia 459 , Patrice Codogno 460 , Ehud Cohen 461 , Mickael M Cohen 180 , Tania Colasanti 40 , Fiorella Colasuonno 462 , Robert A Colbert 463 , Anna Colell 464 , Miodrag Čolić 465 , Nuria S Coll 466 , Mark O Collins 467 , María I Colombo 468 , Daniel A Colón-Ramos 469 , Lydie Combaret 470 , Sergio Comincini 471 , Márcia R Cominetti 472 , Antonella Consiglio 473 , Andrea Conte 474 , Fabrizio Conti 40 , Viorica Raluca Contu 475 , Mark R Cookson 476 , Kevin M Coombs 477 , Isabelle Coppens 478 , Maria Tiziana Corasaniti 479 , Dale P Corkery 480 , Nils Cordes 481 482 , Katia Cortese 483 , Maria do Carmo Costa 484 , Sarah Costantino 485 , Paola Costelli 106 , Ana Coto-Montes 486 , Peter J Crack 487 , Jose L Crespo 488 , Alfredo Criollo 489 , Valeria Crippa 490 , Riccardo Cristofani 490 , Tamas Csizmadia 491 , Antonio Cuadrado 492 , Bing Cui 493 , Jun Cui 494 , Yixian Cui 495 , Yong Cui 496 , Emmanuel Culetto 497 , Andrea C Cumino 498 , Andrey V Cybulsky 499 , Mark J Czaja 500 , Stanislaw J Czuczwar 501 , Stefania D’Adamo 502 , Marcello D’Amelio 503 , Daniela D’Arcangelo 504 , Andrew C D’Lugos 505 , Gabriella D’Orazi 506 , James A da Silva 507 , Hormos Salimi Dafsari 74 508 , Ruben K Dagda 509 , Yasin Dagdas 510 , Maria Daglia 511 , Xiaoxia Dai 512 , Yun Dai 513 , Yuyuan Dai 514 , Jessica Dal Col 515 , Paul Dalhaimer 71 , Luisa Dalla Valle 516 , Tobias Dallenga 517 , Guillaume Dalmasso 518 , Markus Damme 519 , Ilaria Dando 292 , Nico P Dantuma 520 , April L Darling 521 522 , Hiranmoy Das 523 , Srinivasan Dasarathy 524 , Santosh K Dasari 525 , Srikanta Dash 526 , Oliver Daumke 527 , Adrian N Dauphinee 252 , Jeffrey S Davies 528 , Valeria A Dávila 498 , Roger J Davis 529 , Tanja Davis 530 , Sharadha Dayalan Naidu 531 , Francesca De Amicis 532 , Karolien De Bosscher 533 , Francesca De Felice 534 , Lucia De Franceschi 535 , Chiara De Leonibus 60 , Mayara G de Mattos Barbosa 536 , Guido R Y De Meyer 537 , Angelo De Milito 538 , Cosimo De Nunzio 539 , Clara De Palma 540 , Mauro De Santi 541 , Claudio De Virgilio 542 , Daniela De Zio 543 , Jayanta Debnath 544 , Brian J DeBosch 545 , Jean-Paul Decuypere 546 , Mark A Deehan 547 , Gianluca Deflorian 548 , James DeGregori 549 , Benjamin Dehay 550 , Gabriel Del Rio 551 , Joe R Delaney 552 , Lea M D Delbridge 553 , Elizabeth Delorme-Axford 90 , M Victoria Delpino 554 , Francesca Demarchi 555 , Vilma Dembitz 556 , Nicholas D Demers 557 , Hongbin Deng 558 , Zhiqiang Deng 395 , Joern Dengjel 542 , Paul Dent 559 , Donna Denton 560 , Melvin L DePamphilis 561 , Channing J Der 562 , Vojo Deretic 563 , Albert Descoteaux 564 , Laura Devis 565 , Sushil Devkota 566 , Olivier Devuyst 567 , Grant Dewson 568 , Mahendiran Dharmasivam 35 , Rohan Dhiman 212 , Diego di Bernardo 60 569 , Manlio Di Cristina 570 , Fabio Di Domenico 571 , Pietro Di Fazio 572 , Alessio Di Fonzo 573 , Giovanni Di Guardo 574 , Gianni M Di Guglielmo 575 , Luca Di Leo 543 , Chiara Di Malta 60 , Alessia Di Nardo 576 , Martina Di Rienzo 577 , Federica Di Sano 311 , George Diallinas 578 , Jiajie Diao 579 , Guillermo Diaz-Araya 580 , Inés Díaz-Laviada 581 , Jared M Dickinson 582 , Marc Diederich 583 , Mélanie Dieudé 584 , Ivan Dikic 585 , Shiping Ding 586 , Wen-Xing Ding 587 , Luciana Dini 588 , Jelena Dinić 589 , Miroslav Dinic 590 , Albena T Dinkova-Kostova 531 591 , Marc S Dionne 592 , Jörg H W Distler 593 , Abhinav Diwan 594 , Ian M C Dixon 595 , Mojgan Djavaheri-Mergny 596 , Ina Dobrinski 597 , Oxana Dobrovinskaya 598 , Radek Dobrowolski 475 , Renwick C J Dobson 599 , Jelena Đokić 590 , Serap Dokmeci Emre 600 , Massimo Donadelli 292 , Bo Dong 601 , Xiaonan Dong 602 , Zhiwu Dong 603 , Gerald W Dorn Ii 604 , Volker Dotsch 605 , Huan Dou 606 , Juan Dou 607 , Moataz Dowaidar 608 , Sami Dridi 609 , Liat Drucker 610 , Ailian Du 611 , Caigan Du 612 , Guangwei Du 415 , Hai-Ning Du 411 , Li-Lin Du 613 , André du Toit 530 , Shao-Bin Duan 614 , Xiaoqiong Duan 615 , Sónia P Duarte 323 110 , Anna Dubrovska 481 , Elaine A Dunlop 616 , Nicolas Dupont 460 , Raúl V Durán 617 , Bilikere S Dwarakanath 618 , Sergey A Dyshlovoy 619 620 621 , Darius Ebrahimi-Fakhari 622 , Leopold Eckhart 623 , Charles L Edelstein 624 , Thomas Efferth 3 , Eftekhar Eftekharpour 625 , Ludwig Eichinger 626 , Nabil Eid 627 , Tobias Eisenberg 628 , N Tony Eissa 629 , Sanaa Eissa 630 , Miriam Ejarque 631 , Abdeljabar El Andaloussi 632 , Nazira El-Hage 633 , Shahenda El-Naggar 634 , Anna Maria Eleuteri 635 , Eman S El-Shafey 636 , Mohamed Elgendy 637 , Aristides G Eliopoulos 578 , María M Elizalde 638 , Philip M Elks 639 , Hans-Peter Elsasser 640 , Eslam S Elsherbiny 636 , Brooke M Emerling 641 , N C Tolga Emre 642 , Christina H Eng 643 , Nikolai Engedal 644 , Anna-Mart Engelbrecht 530 , Agnete S T Engelsen 645 , Jorrit M Enserink 432 , Ricardo Escalante 646 , Audrey Esclatine 497 , Mafalda Escobar-Henriques 647 , Eeva-Liisa Eskelinen 648 , Lucile Espert 649 , Makandjou-Ola Eusebio 650 , Gemma Fabrias 337 , Cinzia Fabrizi 651 , Antonio Facchiano 504 , Francesco Facchiano 652 , Bengt Fadeel 653 , Claudio Fader 654 , Alex C Faesen 655 , W Douglas Fairlie 656 , Alberto Falcó 657 , Bjorn H Falkenburger 658 , Daping Fan 659 , Jie Fan 660 , Yanbo Fan 661 , Evandro F Fang 662 , Yanshan Fang 663 , Yognqi Fang 664 , Manolis Fanto 665 , Tamar Farfel-Becker 416 , Mathias Faure 666 , Gholamreza Fazeli 667 , Anthony O Fedele 668 , Arthur M Feldman 669 , Du Feng 670 , Jiachun Feng 671 , Lifeng Feng 672 , Yibin Feng 673 , Yuchen Feng 674 , Wei Feng 675 , Thais Fenz Araujo 676 , Thomas A Ferguson 677 , Álvaro F Fernández 678 , Jose C Fernandez-Checa 679 , Sonia Fernández-Veledo 356 , Alisdair R Fernie 139 , Anthony W Ferrante Jr 680 , Alessandra Ferraresi 681 , Merari F Ferrari 682 , Julio C B Ferreira 253 168 , Susan Ferro-Novick 683 , Antonio Figueras 684 , Riccardo Filadi 685 , Nicoletta Filigheddu 686 , Eduardo Filippi-Chiela 687 , Giuseppe Filomeni 688 , Gian Maria Fimia 577 689 , Vittorio Fineschi 690 , Francesca Finetti 134 , Steven Finkbeiner 691 , Edward A Fisher 692 , Paul B Fisher 693 , Flavio Flamigni 147 , Steven J Fliesler 694 , Trude H Flo 695 , Ida Florance 696 , Oliver Florey 697 , Tullio Florio 698 , Erika Fodor 216 , Carlo Follo 264 , Edward A Fon 699 , Antonella Forlino 700 , Francesco Fornai 701 , Paola Fortini 702 , Anna Fracassi 703 , Alessandro Fraldi 60 137 , Brunella Franco 60 137 , Rodrigo Franco 704 , Flavia Franconi 705 , Lisa B Frankel 8 9 , Scott L Friedman 706 , Leopold F Fröhlich 707 , Gema Frühbeck 708 , Jose M Fuentes 709 , Yukio Fujiki 710 , Naonobu Fujita 711 , Yuuki Fujiwara 712 , Mitsunori Fukuda 713 , Simone Fulda 714 , Luc Furic 715 , Norihiko Furuya 716 , Carmela Fusco 342 , Michaela U Gack 717 , Lidia Gaffke 718 , Sehamuddin Galadari 719 , Alessia Galasso 720 , Maria F Galindo 721 , Sachith Gallolu Kankanamalage 722 , Lorenzo Galluzzi 723 , Vincent Galy 724 , Noor Gammoh 725 , Boyi Gan 726 , Ian G Ganley 727 , Feng Gao 728 , Hui Gao 729 , Minghui Gao 730 , Ping Gao 731 , Shou-Jiang Gao 732 , Wentao Gao 733 , Xiaobo Gao 734 , Ana Garcera 735 , Maria Noé Garcia 736 , Verónica E Garcia 737 , Francisco García-Del Portillo 738 , Vega Garcia-Escudero 739 , Aracely Garcia-Garcia 740 , Marina Garcia-Macia 741 , Diana García-Moreno 742 , Carmen Garcia-Ruiz 743 , Patricia García-Sanz 744 , Abhishek D Garg 745 , Ricardo Gargini 746 , Tina Garofalo 747 , Robert F Garry 748 , Nils C Gassen 749 , Damian Gatica 1 , Liang Ge 402 , Wanzhong Ge 750 , Ruth Geiss-Friedlander 239 , Cecilia Gelfi 751 , Pascal Genschik 752 , Ian E Gentle 753 , Valeria Gerbino 754 , Christoph Gerhardt 755 , Kyla Germain 557 , Marc Germain 200 , David A Gewirtz 756 , Elham Ghasemipour Afshar 757 , Saeid Ghavami 44 758 , Alessandra Ghigo 759 , Manosij Ghosh 760 , Georgios Giamas 761 , Claudia Giampietri 762 , Alexandra Giatromanolaki 763 , Gary E Gibson 764 , Spencer B Gibson 765 , Vanessa Ginet 766 767 , Edward Giniger 768 , Carlotta Giorgi 769 , Henrique Girao 770 , Stephen E Girardin 771 , Mridhula Giridharan 156 , Sandy Giuliano 261 , Cecilia Giulivi 772 , Sylvie Giuriato 773 , Julien Giustiniani 162 , Alexander Gluschko 774 , Veit Goder 775 , Alexander Goginashvili 776 , Jakub Golab 777 , David C Goldstone 778 , Anna Golebiewska 779 , Luciana R Gomes 780 , Rodrigo Gomez 199 , Rubén Gómez-Sánchez 781 , Maria Catalina Gomez-Puerto 782 , Raquel Gomez-Sintes 248 251 , Qingqiu Gong 783 , Felix M Goni 49 , Javier González-Gallego 784 , Tomas Gonzalez-Hernandez 785 , Rosa A Gonzalez-Polo 709 , Jose A Gonzalez-Reyes 289 , Patricia González-Rodríguez 653 , Ing Swie Goping 786 , Marina S Gorbatyuk 787 , Nikolai V Gorbunov 788 , Kıvanç Görgülü 789 , Roxana M Gorojod 790 , Sharon M Gorski 791 , Sandro Goruppi 792 , Cecilia Gotor 793 , Roberta A Gottlieb 794 , Illana Gozes 795 , Devrim Gozuacik 30 , Martin Graef 796 , Markus H Gräler 797 , Veronica Granatiero 798 , Daniel Grasso 736 , Joshua P Gray 799 , Douglas R Green 226 , Alexander Greenhough 800 , Stephen L Gregory 801 , Edward F Griffin 802 , Mark W Grinstaff 803 , Frederic Gros 804 , Charles Grose 805 , Angelina S Gross 806 , Florian Gruber 623 , Paolo Grumati 60 , Tilman Grune 807 , Xueyan Gu 808 , Jun-Lin Guan 579 , Carlos M Guardia 234 , Kishore Guda 809 , Flora Guerra 810 , Consuelo Guerri 811 , Prasun Guha 812 , Carlos Guillén 813 , Shashi Gujar 814 , Anna Gukovskaya 815 , Ilya Gukovsky 815 , Jan Gunst 816 , Andreas Günther 817 , Anyonya R Guntur 818 , Chuanyong Guo 819 , Chun Guo 820 , Hongqing Guo 127 , Lian-Wang Guo 821 , Ming Guo 822 , Pawan Gupta 823 , Shashi Kumar Gupta 824 , Swapnil Gupta 825 , Veer Bala Gupta 826 , Vivek Gupta 827 , Asa B Gustafsson 828 , David D Gutterman 829 , Ranjitha H B 830 , Annakaisa Haapasalo 831 , James E Haber 832 , Aleksandra Hać 833 , Shinji Hadano 834 , Anders J Hafrén 835 , Mansour Haidar 836 , Belinda S Hall 837 , Gunnel Halldén 838 , Anne Hamacher-Brady 839 , Andrea Hamann 840 , Maho Hamasaki 841 , Weidong Han 842 , Malene Hansen 843 , Phyllis I Hanson 844 , Zijian Hao 734 , Masaru Harada 845 , Ljubica Harhaji-Trajkovic 846 , Nirmala Hariharan 847 , Nigil Haroon 848 , James Harris 849 , Takafumi Hasegawa 850 , Noor Hasima Nagoor 851 , Jeffrey A Haspel 852 , 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Chang-Won Hong Yi-Ren Hong 891 , Lora V Hooper 892 , Thorsten Hoppe 893 , Rastislav Horos 894 , Yujin Hoshida 895 , I-Lun Hsin 896 , Hsin-Yun Hsu 897 , Bing Hu 898 , Dong Hu 899 , Li-Fang Hu 900 , Ming Chang Hu 901 , Ronggui Hu 734 , Wei Hu 902 , Yu-Chen Hu 903 , Zhuo-Wei Hu 493 , Fang Hua 493 , Jinlian Hua 904 , Yingqi Hua 905 , Chongmin Huan 906 , Canhua Huang 907 , Chuanshu Huang 908 , Chuanxin Huang 909 , Chunling Huang 910 , Haishan Huang 911 , Kun Huang 912 , Michael L H Huang 35 , Rui Huang 913 , Shan Huang 914 , Tianzhi Huang 413 , Xing Huang 915 , Yuxiang Jack Huang 1 , Tobias B Huber 916 , Virginie Hubert 917 , Christian A Hubner 918 , Stephanie M Hughes 919 , William E Hughes 829 , Magali Humbert 920 , Gerhard Hummer 921 , James H Hurley 922 , Sabah Hussain 499 , Salik Hussain 923 , Patrick J Hussey 924 , Martina Hutabarat 925 , Hui-Yun Hwang 926 , Seungmin Hwang 927 , Antonio Ieni 928 , Fumiyo Ikeda 929 , Yusuke Imagawa 930 , Yuzuru Imai 931 , Carol Imbriano 932 , Masaya 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1800 , Micah B Schott 1801 , Michael Schramm 774 , Bernd Schröder 1802 , Kai Schuh 1803 , Christoph Schüller 1804 , Ryan J Schulze 1805 , Lea Schürmanns 840 , Jens C Schwamborn 1806 , Melanie Schwarten 1807 , Filippo Scialo 1808 , Sebastiano Sciarretta 1809 , Melanie J Scott 660 , Kathleen W Scotto 1810 , A Ivana Scovassi 1811 , Andrea Scrima 1812 , Aurora Scrivo 1813 , David Sebastian 1814 , Salwa Sebti 678 , Simon Sedej 4 , Laura Segatori 1815 , Nava Segev 1816 , Per O Seglen 1817 , Iban Seiliez 1818 , Ekihiro Seki 1819 , Scott B Selleck 1820 , Frank W Sellke 1821 , Joshua T Selsby 1822 , Michael Sendtner 1299 , Serif Senturk 1823 , Elena Seranova 1773 , Consolato Sergi 1824 , Ruth Serra-Moreno 1825 , Hiromi Sesaki 1826 , Carmine Settembre 60 137 , Subba Rao Gangi Setty 1827 , Gianluca Sgarbi 147 , Ou Sha 1828 , John J Shacka 1829 , Javeed A Shah 1830 , Dantong Shang 411 , Changshun Shao 1831 , Feng Shao 613 , Soroush Sharbati 1832 , Lisa M Sharkey 484 , Dipali Sharma 1833 , Gaurav 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Simons 1866 , Anurag Singh 1867 , Lalit P Singh 1868 , Rajat Singh 87 , Shivendra V Singh 1869 , Shrawan K Singh 1870 , Sudha B Singh 1871 , Sunaina Singh 156 , Surinder Pal Singh 1872 , Debasish Sinha 1873 , Rohit Anthony Sinha 1874 , Sangita Sinha 1875 , Agnieszka Sirko 1014 , Kapil Sirohi 1876 , Efthimios L Sivridis 763 , Panagiotis Skendros 1702 , Aleksandra Skirycz 139 , Iva Slaninová 1877 , Soraya S Smaili 1613 , Andrei Smertenko 1878 , Matthew D Smith 1879 , Stefaan J Soenen 1344 , Eun Jung Sohn 1880 , Sophia P M Sok 851 , Giancarlo Solaini 147 , Thierry Soldati 321 , Scott A Soleimanpour 1291 , Rosa M Soler 735 , Alexei Solovchenko 1881 , Jason A Somarelli 396 , Avinash Sonawane 1882 , Fuyong Song 1883 , Hyun Kyu Song 1884 , Ju-Xian Song 1885 , Kunhua Song 1886 , Zhiyin Song 1887 , Leandro R Soria 60 , Maurizio Sorice 747 , Alexander A Soukas 1888 , Sandra-Fausia Soukup 870 , Diana Sousa 54 , Nadia Sousa 1686 , Paul A Spagnuolo 1889 , Stephen A Spector 1890 , M M Srinivas Bharath 1891 , Daret St Clair 1892 , Venturina Stagni 1893 , Leopoldo Staiano 60 , Clint A Stalnecker 562 , Metodi V Stankov 173 , Peter B Stathopulos 1894 , Katja Stefan 1895 , Sven Marcel Stefan 962 1895 1896 , Leonidas Stefanis 1897 , Joan S Steffan 1898 , Alexander Steinkasserer 1899 , Harald Stenmark 1900 , Jared Sterneckert 1901 , Craig Stevens 149 , Veronika Stoka 1902 , Stephan Storch 1903 , Björn Stork 1904 , Flavie Strappazzon 1905 , Anne Marie Strohecker 1906 , Dwayne G Stupack 1907 , Huanxing Su 1292 , Ling-Yan Su 1301 , Longxiang Su 1908 , Ana M Suarez-Fontes 1909 , Carlos S Subauste 1910 , Selvakumar Subbian 1911 , Paula V Subirada 938 , Ganapasam Sudhandiran 1912 , Carolyn M Sue 1913 , Xinbing Sui 1914 , Corey Summers 1915 , Guangchao Sun 1916 , Jun Sun 1917 , Kang Sun 1918 , Meng-Xiang Sun 1919 , Qiming Sun 1920 , Yi Sun 1921 , Zhongjie Sun 1922 , Karen K S Sunahara 1923 , Eva Sundberg 1924 , Katalin Susztak 1925 , Peter Sutovsky 1926 , Hidekazu Suzuki 1927 , Gary Sweeney 1928 , J David Symons 1929 , Stephen Cho Wing Sze 1930 , Nathaniel J Szewczyk 1931 , Anna Tabęcka-Łonczynska 1496 , Claudio Tabolacci 652 1932 , Frank Tacke 1933 , Heinrich Taegtmeyer 1934 , Marco Tafani 747 , Mitsuo Tagaya 81 , Haoran Tai 1935 , Stephen W G Tait 1936 , Yoshinori Takahashi 1937 , Szabolcs Takats 1278 , Priti Talwar 1938 , Chit Tam 1939 , Shing Yau Tam 1160 , Davide Tampellini 1940 , Atsushi Tamura 1941 , Chong Teik Tan 376 , Eng-King Tan 1942 , Ya-Qin Tan 1943 1944 , Masaki Tanaka 1945 , Motomasa Tanaka 1946 , Daolin Tang 1019 , Jingfeng Tang 1947 , Tie-Shan Tang 1948 , Isei Tanida 1949 , Zhipeng Tao 1950 , Mohammed Taouis 1163 , Lars Tatenhorst 1951 , Nektarios Tavernarakis 1952 , Allen Taylor 175 , Gregory A Taylor 1953 , Joan M Taylor 1954 , Elena Tchetina 1955 , Andrew R Tee 1956 , Irmgard Tegeder 1957 , David Teis 1792 , Natercia Teixeira 59 , Fatima Teixeira-Clerc 1958 , Kumsal A Tekirdag 248 , Tewin Tencomnao 1959 , Sandra Tenreiro 73 , Alexei V Tepikin 1960 , Pilar S Testillano 1961 , Gianluca Tettamanti 274 , Pierre-Louis Tharaux 1192 , Kathrin Thedieck 864 1962 , Arvind A Thekkinghat 1676 , Stefano Thellung 1963 , Josephine W Thinwa 678 , V P Thirumalaikumar 139 1353 , Sufi Mary Thomas 1964 , Paul G Thomes 1965 , Andrew Thorburn 1966 , Lipi Thukral 1967 , Thomas Thum 1968 , Michael Thumm 1969 , Ling Tian 1970 , Ales Tichy 1557 , Andreas Till 1971 , Vincent Timmerman 1972 , Vladimir I Titorenko 1973 , Sokol V Todi 1974 , Krassimira Todorova 856 , Janne M Toivonen 304 , Luana Tomaipitinca 689 762 , Dhanendra Tomar 957 , Cristina Tomas-Zapico 1975 , Sergej Tomić 465 , Benjamin Chun-Kit Tong, Chao Tong 1976 , Xin Tong 1977 , Sharon A Tooze 47 , Maria L Torgersen 1278 , Satoru Torii 1851 , Liliana Torres-López 598 , Alicia Torriglia 1978 , Christina G Towers 1134 , Roberto Towns 1291 , Shinya Toyokuni 1979 , Vladimir Trajkovic 1980 , Donatella Tramontano 1981 , Quynh-Giao Tran 1062 , Leonardo H Travassos 1982 , Charles B Trelford 575 , Shirley Tremel 1377 , Ioannis P Trougakos 1983 , Betty P Tsao 1984 , Mario P Tschan 1985 , Hung-Fat Tse 1986 , Tak Fu Tse 371 , Hitoshi Tsugawa 1927 , Andrey S Tsvetkov 1476 , David A Tumbarello 1987 , Yasin Tumtas 254 , María J Tuñón 784 , Sandra Turcotte 1988 , Boris Turk 1902 , Vito Turk 1902 , Bradley J Turner 1615 , Richard I Tuxworth 1989 , Jessica K Tyler 1990 , Elena V Tyutereva 1991 , Yasuo Uchiyama 1949 , Aslihan Ugun-Klusek 1992 , Holm H Uhlig 1993 , Marzena Ułamek-Kozioł 1994 , Ilya V Ulasov 1995 , Midori Umekawa 1996 , Christian Ungermann 1997 , Rei Unno 1998 , Sylvie Urbe 456 457 , Elisabet Uribe-Carretero 709 , Suayib Üstün 1999 , Vladimir N Uversky 521 , Thomas Vaccari 2000 , Maria I Vaccaro 2001 , Björn F Vahsen 2002 , Helin Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg 2003 , Rut Valdor 2004 , Maria J Valente 59 , Ayelén Valko 2005 , Richard B Vallee 1055 , Angela M Valverde 2006 , Greet Van den Berghe 816 , Stijn van der Veen 2007 , Luc Van Kaer 2008 , Jorg van Loosdregt 2009 , Sjoerd J L van Wijk 2010 , Wim Vandenberghe 2011 , Ilse Vanhorebeek 816 , Marcos A Vannier-Santos 1909 , Nicola Vannini 2012 , M Cristina Vanrell 1716 , Chiara Vantaggiato 2013 , Gabriele Varano 1142 , Isabel Varela-Nieto 2014 , Máté Varga 216 , M Helena Vasconcelos 54 , Somya Vats 156 , Demetrios G Vavvas 2015 , Ignacio Vega-Naredo 486 , Silvia Vega-Rubin-de-Celis 2016 , Guillermo Velasco 340 , Ariadna P Velázquez 796 806 , Tibor Vellai 216 , Edo Vellenga 2017 , Francesca Velotti 2018 , Mireille Verdier 2019 , Panayotis Verginis 2020 , Isabelle Vergne 2021 , Paul Verkade 75 , Manish Verma 2022 , Patrik Verstreken 1122 , Tim Vervliet 286 , Jörg Vervoorts 1304 , Alexandre T Vessoni 2023 , Victor M Victor 2024 , Michel Vidal 2025 , Chiara Vidoni 681 , Otilia V Vieira 2026 , Richard D Vierstra 1353 , Sonia Viganó 1357 1464 , Helena Vihinen 2027 , Vinoy Vijayan 1122 , Miquel Vila 2028 , Marçal Vilar 2029 , José M Villalba 289 , Antonio Villalobo 2030 , Beatriz Villarejo-Zori 251 , Francesc Villarroya 299 , Joan Villarroya 299 , Olivier Vincent 646 , Cecile Vindis 2031 , Christophe Viret 666 , Maria Teresa Viscomi 2032 , Dora Visnjic 556 , Ilio Vitale 2033 , David J Vocadlo 2034 , Olga V Voitsekhovskaja 1991 , Cinzia Volonté 2035 , Mattia Volta 2036 , Marta Vomero 40 , Clarissa Von Haefen 1054 , Marc A Vooijs 1048 , Wolfgang Voos 2037 , Ljubica Vucicevic 846 , Richard Wade-Martins 2038 , Satoshi Waguri 2039 , Kenrick A Waite 1181 , Shuji Wakatsuki 79 , David W Walker 2040 , Mark J Walker 2041 , Simon A Walker 2042 , Jochen Walter 2043 , Francisco G Wandosell 2044 , Bo Wang 2045 , Chao-Yung Wang 2046 , Chen Wang 2047 , Chenran Wang 579 , Chenwei Wang 1241 , Cun-Yu Wang 2048 , Dong Wang 2049 , Fangyang Wang 2050 , Feng Wang 2051 , Fengming Wang 2052 , Guansong Wang 2053 , Han Wang 2054 , Hao Wang 2055 , Hexiang Wang 2056 , Hong-Gang Wang 1937 , Jianrong Wang 2057 , Jigang Wang 2058 , Jiou Wang 1271 , Jundong Wang 2059 , Kui Wang 2060 , Lianrong Wang 395 , Liming Wang 1290 2061 , Maggie Haitian Wang 2062 , Meiqing Wang 2063 , Nanbu Wang 2064 , Pengwei Wang 2065 , Peipei Wang 2066 , Ping Wang 127 , Ping Wang 2067 , Qing Jun Wang 2068 , Qing Wang 2069 , Qing Kenneth Wang 2070 , Qiong A Wang 2071 , Wen-Tao Wang 406 , Wuyang Wang 2072 , Xinnan Wang 2073 , Xuejun Wang 2074 , Yan Wang 402 , Yanchang Wang 2075 , Yanzhuang Wang 1209 2076 , Yen-Yun Wang 2077 , Yihua Wang 2078 , Yipeng Wang 2079 , Yu Wang 2080 , Yuqi Wang 2081 , Zhe Wang 2082 , Zhenyu Wang 2083 , Zhouguang Wang 2084 , Gary Warnes 2085 , Verena Warnsmann 840 , Hirotaka Watada 2086 , Eizo Watanabe 2087 , Maxinne Watchon 1146 , Anna Wawrzyńska 1014 , Timothy E Weaver 2088 , Grzegorz Wegrzyn 718 , Ann M Wehman 2089 , Huafeng Wei 2090 , Lei Wei 1845 , Taotao Wei 675 , Yongjie Wei 2091 , Oliver H Weiergräber 1807 , Conrad C Weihl 2092 , Günther Weindl 2093 , Ralf Weiskirchen 2094 , Alan Wells 2095 , Runxia H Wen 2096 , Xin Wen 1 , Antonia Werner 2097 , Beatrice Weykopf 2098 , Sally P Wheatley 2099 , J Lindsay Whitton 2100 , Alexander J Whitworth 1364 , Katarzyna Wiktorska 1420 , Manon E Wildenberg 2101 , Tom Wileman 2102 , Simon Wilkinson 2103 , Dieter Willbold 1807 2104 , Brett Williams 2105 , Robin S B Williams 2106 , Roger L Williams 1377 , Peter R Williamson 2107 , Richard A Wilson 2108 , Beate Winner 2109 , Nathaniel J Winsor 2110 , Steven S Witkin 2111 , Harald Wodrich 2112 , Ute Woehlbier 186 , Thomas Wollert 2113 , Esther Wong 2114 , Jack Ho Wong 2115 , Richard W Wong 2116 , Vincent Kam Wai Wong 1159 , W Wei-Lynn Wong 2117 , An-Guo Wu 2118 , Chengbiao Wu 2119 , Jian Wu 1607 , Junfang Wu 2120 , Kenneth K Wu 2121 , Min Wu 2122 , Shan-Ying Wu 965 , Shengzhou Wu 296 , Shu-Yan Wu 2123 , Shufang Wu 2124 , William K K Wu 372 , Xiaohong Wu 2125 , Xiaoqing Wu 2126 , Yao-Wen Wu 480 , Yihua Wu 2127 , Ramnik J Xavier 2128 , Hongguang Xia 2129 , Lixin Xia 2130 , Zhengyuan Xia 2131 , Ge Xiang 1266 , Jin Xiang 2132 , Mingliang Xiang 2133 , Wei Xiang 2134 , Bin Xiao 2135 , Guozhi Xiao 2136 , Hengyi Xiao 2137 , Hong-Tao Xiao 2138 , Jian Xiao 2139 , Lan Xiao 2140 , Shi Xiao 2141 , Yin Xiao 2140 , Baoming Xie 2142 , Chuan-Ming Xie 2143 , Min Xie 2144 , Yuxiang Xie 416 , Zhiping Xie 783 , Zhonglin Xie 2145 , Maria Xilouri 2146 , Congfeng Xu 2147 , En Xu 2148 , Haoxing Xu 1209 , Jing Xu 905 , JinRong Xu 410 , Liang Xu 2126 , Wen Wen Xu 2149 , Xiulong Xu 2150 , Yu Xue 1241 , Sokhna M S Yakhine-Diop 709 , Masamitsu Yamaguchi 2151 , Osamu Yamaguchi 2152 , Ai Yamamoto 2153 , Shunhei Yamashina 2154 , Shengmin Yan 2155 , Shian-Jang Yan 2156 , Zhen Yan 2157 , Yasuo Yanagi 2158 , Chuanbin Yang 2159 , Dun-Sheng Yang 2160 , Huan Yang 2161 , Huang-Tian Yang 2162 , Hui Yang 2163 , Jin-Ming Yang 2164 , Jing Yang 2165 , Jingyu Yang 1272 , Ling Yang 2166 , Liu Yang 2167 , Ming Yang 2168 , Pei-Ming Yang 2169 , Qian Yang 2170 , Seungwon Yang 862 , Shu Yang 234 , Shun-Fa Yang 2171 , Wannian Yang 2172 , Wei Yuan Yang 386 , Xiaoyong Yang 2173 , Xuesong Yang 2174 , Yi Yang 2175 , Ying Yang 1 , Honghong Yao 2176 , Shenggen Yao 2177 , Xiaoqiang Yao 2178 , Yong-Gang Yao 1301 , Yong-Ming Yao 2179 , Takahiro Yasui 1998 , Meysam Yazdankhah 1873 , Paul M Yen 2180 , Cong Yi 2181 , Xiao-Ming Yin 2155 , Yanhai Yin 127 , Zhangyuan Yin 1 , Ziyi Yin 2182 , Meidan Ying 2183 , Zheng Ying 2184 , Calvin K Yip 2185 , Stephanie Pei Tung Yiu 429 , Young H Yoo 2186 , Kiyotsugu Yoshida 2187 , Saori R Yoshii 2188 , Tamotsu Yoshimori 841 , Bahman Yousefi 2189 , Boxuan Yu 2190 , Haiyang Yu 2191 , Jun Yu 2192 , Jun Yu 2193 , Li Yu 2194 , Ming-Lung Yu 2195 , Seong-Woon Yu 1060 , Victor C Yu 376 , W Haung Yu 2196 , Zhengping Yu 1627 , Zhou Yu 2197 , Junying Yuan 2198 , Ling-Qing Yuan 2199 , Shilin Yuan 734 , Shyng-Shiou F Yuan 2200 , Yanggang Yuan 2201 , Zengqiang Yuan 2202 , Jianbo Yue 2203 , Zhenyu Yue 2204 , Jeanho Yun 2205 , Raymond L Yung 1291 , David N Zacks 201 , Gabriele Zaffagnini 2206 , Vanessa O Zambelli 2207 , Isabella Zanella 2208 , Qun S Zang 2209 , Sara Zanivan 2210 , Silvia Zappavigna 1432 1433 , Pilar Zaragoza 304 , Konstantinos S Zarbalis 2211 , Amir Zarebkohan 2212 , Amira Zarrouk 2213 , Scott O Zeitlin 2214 , Jialiu Zeng 2215 , Ju-Deng Zeng 372 , Eva Žerovnik 1902 , Lixuan Zhan 2148 , Bin Zhang 1522 , Donna D Zhang 2216 , Hanlin Zhang 205 , Hong Zhang 2217 , Hong Zhang 2218 , Honghe Zhang 2219 , Huafeng Zhang 2220 , Huaye Zhang 2221 , Hui Zhang 2222 , Hui-Ling Zhang 2223 , Jianbin Zhang 2224 , Jianhua Zhang 2225 , Jing-Pu Zhang 558 , Kalin Y B Zhang 673 , Leshuai W Zhang 2226 , Lin Zhang 2227 , Lisheng Zhang 2228 , Lu Zhang 2229 , Luoying Zhang 1858 , Menghuan Zhang 734 , Peng Zhang 2230 , Sheng Zhang 2231 , Wei Zhang 2232 2233 , Xiangnan Zhang 419 , Xiao-Wei Zhang 493 , Xiaolei Zhang 2234 , Xiaoyan Zhang 1209 2076 , Xin Zhang 1219 , Xinxin Zhang 2235 , Xu Dong Zhang 2236 , Yang Zhang 2237 , Yanjin Zhang 2238 , Yi Zhang 1134 , Ying-Dong Zhang 978 , Yingmei Zhang 1661 , Yuan-Yuan Zhang 2060 , Yuchen Zhang 372 , Zhe Zhang 2239 , Zhengguang Zhang 2240 , Zhibing Zhang 2241 , Zhihai Zhang 1 , Zhiyong Zhang 2242 , Zili Zhang 2243 , Haobin Zhao 2244 , Lei Zhao 1606 2245 , Shuang Zhao 2246 , Tongbiao Zhao 729 , Xiao-Fan Zhao 2247 , Ying Zhao 2248 , Yongchao Zhao 2249 , Yongliang Zhao 2250 , Yuting Zhao 678 , Guoping Zheng 2251 , Kai Zheng 2252 , Ling Zheng 2253 , Shizhong Zheng 2243 , Xi-Long Zheng 2254 , Yi Zheng 2255 , Zu-Guo Zheng 2256 , Boris Zhivotovsky 2257 , Qing Zhong 2258 , Ao Zhou 2259 , Ben Zhou 2260 , Cefan Zhou 1947 , Gang Zhou 1943 , Hao Zhou 2261 , Hong Zhou 2262 , Hongbo Zhou 2263 , Jie Zhou 2264 , Jing Zhou 296 , Jing Zhou 2265 , Jiyong Zhou 2266 , Kailiang Zhou 2267 , Rongjia Zhou 411 , Xu-Jie Zhou 2217 , Yanshuang Zhou 2268 , Yinghong Zhou 2269 , Yubin Zhou 2270 , Zheng-Yu Zhou 2271 , Zhou Zhou 2272 , Binglin Zhu 2273 , Changlian Zhu 2274 , Guo-Qing Zhu 2275 , Haining Zhu 2276 , Hongxin Zhu 2277 , Hua Zhu 2278 , Wei-Guo Zhu 2279 , Yanping Zhu 2034 , Yushan Zhu 2280 , Haixia Zhuang 670 , Xiaohong Zhuang 496 , Katarzyna Zientara-Rytter 2281 , Christine M Zimmermann 2282 , Elena Ziviani 2283 , Teresa Zoladek 1014 , Wei-Xing Zong 2284 , Dmitry B Zorov 2285 , Antonio Zorzano 946 , Weiping Zou 2286 , Zhen Zou 2287 , Zhengzhi Zou, Steven Zuryn 2288 , Werner Zwerschke 2289 , Beate Brand-Saberi 1330 , X Charlie Dong 2290 , Chandra Shekar Kenchappa 2291 , Zuguo Li 2292 , Yong Lin 2293 , Shigeru Oshima 2294 , Yueguang Rong 2295 , Judith C Sluimer 2296 , Christina L Stallings 2297 , Chun-Kit Tong 2298 2299
Affiliations
PMID: 33634751
PMCID: PMC7996087 (available on 2022-02-08)
DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1797280
Abstract
In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field.
Keywords: Autophagosome; LC3; cancer; flux; lysosome; macroautophagy; neurodegeneration; phagophore; stress; vacuole.
